Antonio Marquina: Editor´s Note/Nota Editorial
Selected Bibliography/Bibliografía Seleccionada
NORTH AFRICA
Auge e impacto del salafismo madjalí en la Libia posterior a Gadafi: Ideología, seguridad...
Arturo Esteban Ceballos
ResumenEl salafismo madjalí, corriente quietista articulada en torno a las enseñanzas de Rabīʿ ibn Hādī al‑Madjalī, ha adquirido en la Libia pos‑2011 una influencia desproporcionada gracias a su penetración en los aparatos de seguridad y en instituciones religiosas. A partir de literatura académica, documentación doctrinal e informes internacionales, el artículo analiza cómo redes y cuadros madjalíes han consolidado posiciones en unidades clave —en particular la Fuerza Especial de Disuasión (RADA) en Trípoli y formaciones vinculadas al Ejército Nacional Libio/Fuerzas Armadas Árabes Libias en el este— combinando acciones de coerción, control moral y adoctrinamiento religioso. Aunque a menudo se presentan como aliados útiles en la lucha antiterrorista, su expansión se asocia con prácticas de control social, represión de expresiones religiosas rivales —tanto sufíes como Hermanos Musulmanes— y denuncias de vulneraciones de derechos civiles. El estudio contribuye a explicar cómo estas dinámicas refuerzan tendencias desestabilizadoras en la Libia actual.>.
Palabras Clave Libia, Salafismo, Haftar, Madjalí, Derechos Humanos, Salafismo Quietista, Salafismo Purista.
ResumenEl salafismo madjalí, corriente quietista articulada en torno a las enseñanzas de Rabīʿ ibn Hādī al‑Madjalī, ha adquirido en la Libia pos‑2011 una influencia desproporcionada gracias a su penetración en los aparatos de seguridad y en instituciones religiosas. A partir de literatura académica, documentación doctrinal e informes internacionales, el artículo analiza cómo redes y cuadros madjalíes han consolidado posiciones en unidades clave —en particular la Fuerza Especial de Disuasión (RADA) en Trípoli y formaciones vinculadas al Ejército Nacional Libio/Fuerzas Armadas Árabes Libias en el este— combinando acciones de coerción, control moral y adoctrinamiento religioso. Aunque a menudo se presentan como aliados útiles en la lucha antiterrorista, su expansión se asocia con prácticas de control social, represión de expresiones religiosas rivales —tanto sufíes como Hermanos Musulmanes— y denuncias de vulneraciones de derechos civiles. El estudio contribuye a explicar cómo estas dinámicas refuerzan tendencias desestabilizadoras en la Libia actual.>.
Palabras Clave Libia, Salafismo, Haftar, Madjalí, Derechos Humanos, Salafismo Quietista, Salafismo Purista.
Mauritania en el contexto geopolítico del Sahel. Desafíos de seguridad e influencia de la...
Ricardo Rodríguez Cobos
Resumen Este artículo analiza el papel de Mauritania en el nuevo contexto geopolítico del Sahel tras la emergencia de la Alianza de Estados del Sahel (AES) y la reconfiguración de influencias internacionales. Parte de la hipótesis de que su estabilidad es contingente, dependiente del equilibrio político-militar interno, la gobernanza de fronteras y una política exterior pragmática. La metodología combina revisión bibliográfica y documental (2005–2025), análisis comparado regional y evaluación cualitativa de variables políticas, sociales y de seguridad. Los resultados muestran que la estabilidad mauritana se ve tensionada por la presión migratoria y de refugiados desde Malí, la expansión del yihadismo y la competencia geopolítica entre actores como Rusia, Estados Unidos, Francia, China y el eje Marruecos-Argelia. Se concluye que Mauritania se configura como un Estado bisagra cuya estabilidad dependerá de su capacidad para gestionar sus fronteras, mantener su autonomía estratégica y adaptarse a un entorno multipolar competitivo.
.Palabras Clave Indian foreign policy, global leadership, strategic autonomy, multi-alignment, civilizational identity, multilateralism, postcolonial constraints
Resumen Este artículo analiza el papel de Mauritania en el nuevo contexto geopolítico del Sahel tras la emergencia de la Alianza de Estados del Sahel (AES) y la reconfiguración de influencias internacionales. Parte de la hipótesis de que su estabilidad es contingente, dependiente del equilibrio político-militar interno, la gobernanza de fronteras y una política exterior pragmática. La metodología combina revisión bibliográfica y documental (2005–2025), análisis comparado regional y evaluación cualitativa de variables políticas, sociales y de seguridad. Los resultados muestran que la estabilidad mauritana se ve tensionada por la presión migratoria y de refugiados desde Malí, la expansión del yihadismo y la competencia geopolítica entre actores como Rusia, Estados Unidos, Francia, China y el eje Marruecos-Argelia. Se concluye que Mauritania se configura como un Estado bisagra cuya estabilidad dependerá de su capacidad para gestionar sus fronteras, mantener su autonomía estratégica y adaptarse a un entorno multipolar competitivo.
.Palabras Clave Indian foreign policy, global leadership, strategic autonomy, multi-alignment, civilizational identity, multilateralism, postcolonial constraints
GREENLAND
Groenlandia: entre Dinamarca y el neocolonialismo estadounidense
Miguel Madueño
Resumen Este artículo explora las posibilidades de futuro de Groenlandia como causa directa del interés estadounidense en la región y analiza la alteración de las dinámicas clásicas de dependencia-rivalidad entre Dinamarca y Groenlandia ante la perspectiva de una injerencia de Washington. Partiendo de los datos electorales del referéndum de autonomía de 1979 y del autogobierno conseguido en 2008, y terminando con los recientes acontecimientos ligados al segundo mandato de Donald Trump, se analizan los documentos oficiales y planes estratégicos de Dinamarca y Groenlandia y el seguimiento de las poblaciones nativas mayoritarias reflejadas en la publicación Mundo Indígena. Con ello, este texto contribuye a dar respuesta a sí es posible una independencia real de Groenlandia, si supone una oportunidad o una transición colonial-neocolonial, y qué papel jugaría, en tal caso, la administración estadounidense.
Palabras ClaveGroenlandia, Dinamarca, Colonialismo, Estados Unidos, Donald Trump
Resumen Este artículo explora las posibilidades de futuro de Groenlandia como causa directa del interés estadounidense en la región y analiza la alteración de las dinámicas clásicas de dependencia-rivalidad entre Dinamarca y Groenlandia ante la perspectiva de una injerencia de Washington. Partiendo de los datos electorales del referéndum de autonomía de 1979 y del autogobierno conseguido en 2008, y terminando con los recientes acontecimientos ligados al segundo mandato de Donald Trump, se analizan los documentos oficiales y planes estratégicos de Dinamarca y Groenlandia y el seguimiento de las poblaciones nativas mayoritarias reflejadas en la publicación Mundo Indígena. Con ello, este texto contribuye a dar respuesta a sí es posible una independencia real de Groenlandia, si supone una oportunidad o una transición colonial-neocolonial, y qué papel jugaría, en tal caso, la administración estadounidense.
Palabras ClaveGroenlandia, Dinamarca, Colonialismo, Estados Unidos, Donald Trump
Professor Sten Rynning answers a range of questions about Greenland and President Donald Trump´s...
Sten Rynning
Abstract Professor Sten Rynning answers various questions posed by UNISCI regarding the crisis sparked by Donald Trump’s interest in annexing Greenland. He discusses how Greenland and Denmark have reacted, the importance of Greenland to international security, the expansion of the Danish military presence, as well as the symbolic significance of the allies’ military presence and Operation Arctic Endurance. He also considers the implications for the North Atlantic Alliance of Trump’s statements and policies implemented, as well as the actions and reactions of the US’s allies.
Keywords: Greenland, Denmark, Donald Trump, Arctic, NATO, NORAD, missile defense, Golden Dome, strategic resources, preemptive diplomacy, military force, hybrid warfare, influence warfare, the new West.
Abstract Professor Sten Rynning answers various questions posed by UNISCI regarding the crisis sparked by Donald Trump’s interest in annexing Greenland. He discusses how Greenland and Denmark have reacted, the importance of Greenland to international security, the expansion of the Danish military presence, as well as the symbolic significance of the allies’ military presence and Operation Arctic Endurance. He also considers the implications for the North Atlantic Alliance of Trump’s statements and policies implemented, as well as the actions and reactions of the US’s allies.
Keywords: Greenland, Denmark, Donald Trump, Arctic, NATO, NORAD, missile defense, Golden Dome, strategic resources, preemptive diplomacy, military force, hybrid warfare, influence warfare, the new West.
ASIA.
Examining Indonesia’s Bold Move on Turkish Made Missile Procurement
Febry Triantama
Abstract Indonesia has taken a bold step in its arms procurement strategy, particularly during the final strategic planning phase of the Minimum Essential Force (MEF) programme between 2019 and 2024. During this period, it acquired the medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) HISAR-O, the anti-ship missile (AShM) Atmaca, and the long-range surface-to-surface missile (SSM) Bora, all of which are manufactured by Turkey. This marked Indonesia’s first ever purchase of Turkish-made missiles, simultaneously positioning Indonesia as the first foreign buyer of these systems outside of Turkey. This article employs the Opportunity and Willingness Framework to analyse the decision-making process, while the research methodology is based on Causal Process Tracing (CPT). The article's central argument is that Indonesia's bold decision was driven by a convergence of opportunity shaped by the international structural environment and willingness stemming from domestic factors within Indonesia.
Keywords: Arms Trade; Indonesia; Türkiye; Missile; Opportunity & Willingness Framework
Abstract Indonesia has taken a bold step in its arms procurement strategy, particularly during the final strategic planning phase of the Minimum Essential Force (MEF) programme between 2019 and 2024. During this period, it acquired the medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) HISAR-O, the anti-ship missile (AShM) Atmaca, and the long-range surface-to-surface missile (SSM) Bora, all of which are manufactured by Turkey. This marked Indonesia’s first ever purchase of Turkish-made missiles, simultaneously positioning Indonesia as the first foreign buyer of these systems outside of Turkey. This article employs the Opportunity and Willingness Framework to analyse the decision-making process, while the research methodology is based on Causal Process Tracing (CPT). The article's central argument is that Indonesia's bold decision was driven by a convergence of opportunity shaped by the international structural environment and willingness stemming from domestic factors within Indonesia.
Keywords: Arms Trade; Indonesia; Türkiye; Missile; Opportunity & Willingness Framework
Analysis of Ownership, Location, Internationalization (OLI) Model in Indonesia-China Bauxite Downstream Cooperation
Fiya Ainur Rohmatika, Arie Kusuma Paksi
Abstract The cooperation between Indonesia and China in the downstream bauxite industry reflects the dynamic interaction between national policy and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the extractive sector. This article uses the Eclectic Paradigm Model (Ownership, Location, Internalisation) to analyse cooperation and understand the motives and mechanisms behind Chinese companies' investments in Indonesia's bauxite processing industry. The research takes a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, applying thematic coding techniques to secondary data from policy documents, corporate reports and academic literature. The findings reveal that Chinese companies possess ownership-specific advantages, such as capital and technology. Indonesia, meanwhile, offers a strategic location with abundant bauxite reserves and downstream policy incentives and internationalisation incentives that enable cost efficiency and the protection of intangible assets. While this cooperation has accelerated Indonesia's bauxite industrialisation and increased its national economic value added, it also raises challenges related to foreign technological dominance and long-term investment dependence.
Keywords Downstreaming, bauxite, FDI, OLI Model, Indonesia-China.
Abstract The cooperation between Indonesia and China in the downstream bauxite industry reflects the dynamic interaction between national policy and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the extractive sector. This article uses the Eclectic Paradigm Model (Ownership, Location, Internalisation) to analyse cooperation and understand the motives and mechanisms behind Chinese companies' investments in Indonesia's bauxite processing industry. The research takes a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, applying thematic coding techniques to secondary data from policy documents, corporate reports and academic literature. The findings reveal that Chinese companies possess ownership-specific advantages, such as capital and technology. Indonesia, meanwhile, offers a strategic location with abundant bauxite reserves and downstream policy incentives and internationalisation incentives that enable cost efficiency and the protection of intangible assets. While this cooperation has accelerated Indonesia's bauxite industrialisation and increased its national economic value added, it also raises challenges related to foreign technological dominance and long-term investment dependence.
Keywords Downstreaming, bauxite, FDI, OLI Model, Indonesia-China.
A Paradox of Power: Indonesia´s Presidency and the Co-option of Gender Equality in UN...
Radiva Rusyda Hidayat, Ririn Tri Nurhayati
Abstract: This article uses the lens of Feminist Institutionalism to examine Indonesia’s UNSC presidency and its sponsorship of Resolution 2538 on women in peacekeeping. Addressing the paradox of a patriarchal state championing a global feminist norm, the article argues that Indonesia’s advocacy represents instrumental norm entrepreneurship, leveraging the WPS agenda for prestige rather than transformation. The analysis reveals how the resolution’s substance was diluted by geopolitical resistance and a consensus-driven 'logic of appropriateness', while domestic scrutiny shows a stark disconnect between Indonesia’s international rhetoric and the masculine hegemony embedded in its military and politics. The findings demonstrate that the institutionalisation of norms is a contested process susceptible to co-optation. For middle powers, the WPS agenda can serve as a form of soft power, yielding performative compliance that fails to disrupt patriarchal structures either abroad or at home. This case study highlights the limitations of state-led feminist foreign policy in the absence of genuine domestic reform.
Keywords: Indonesia, UN Security Council, UNSC Resolution 2538, feminist institutionalism, gender, peacekeeping
Abstract: This article uses the lens of Feminist Institutionalism to examine Indonesia’s UNSC presidency and its sponsorship of Resolution 2538 on women in peacekeeping. Addressing the paradox of a patriarchal state championing a global feminist norm, the article argues that Indonesia’s advocacy represents instrumental norm entrepreneurship, leveraging the WPS agenda for prestige rather than transformation. The analysis reveals how the resolution’s substance was diluted by geopolitical resistance and a consensus-driven 'logic of appropriateness', while domestic scrutiny shows a stark disconnect between Indonesia’s international rhetoric and the masculine hegemony embedded in its military and politics. The findings demonstrate that the institutionalisation of norms is a contested process susceptible to co-optation. For middle powers, the WPS agenda can serve as a form of soft power, yielding performative compliance that fails to disrupt patriarchal structures either abroad or at home. This case study highlights the limitations of state-led feminist foreign policy in the absence of genuine domestic reform.
Keywords: Indonesia, UN Security Council, UNSC Resolution 2538, feminist institutionalism, gender, peacekeeping
Countering violent extremism in Singapore
HANK Damayantha Wijaya Sri
Abstract The article focuses on the influence of global violent extremism in Singapore, and the efforts and successes of this country in preventing and countering violent extremism. The author argues that terrorism cannot be defeated solely through military action. Instead, it is necessary to expand counterterrorism toolkits to include a variety of 'soft approaches'. In this vein, the article presents Singapore's response to violent extremism, explaining the distinct efforts displayed by the Internal Security Department, including strong border security, well-equipped law enforcement and security agencies, close monitoring of online platforms, the promotion of secularism, pluralism and non-identity politics, as well as liberal education, the promotion of greater understanding through interfaith dialogue, legislative reforms and active community engagement to help, prevent and respond to terrorist attacks.
Keywords: Singapore, counterterrorism, PCEV, border security, on-line platforms, non-identity politics, secularism, liberal education, interfaith dialogue, community engagement, law enforcement.
Abstract The article focuses on the influence of global violent extremism in Singapore, and the efforts and successes of this country in preventing and countering violent extremism. The author argues that terrorism cannot be defeated solely through military action. Instead, it is necessary to expand counterterrorism toolkits to include a variety of 'soft approaches'. In this vein, the article presents Singapore's response to violent extremism, explaining the distinct efforts displayed by the Internal Security Department, including strong border security, well-equipped law enforcement and security agencies, close monitoring of online platforms, the promotion of secularism, pluralism and non-identity politics, as well as liberal education, the promotion of greater understanding through interfaith dialogue, legislative reforms and active community engagement to help, prevent and respond to terrorist attacks.
Keywords: Singapore, counterterrorism, PCEV, border security, on-line platforms, non-identity politics, secularism, liberal education, interfaith dialogue, community engagement, law enforcement.
Strange or estranged bedfellows? Discerning the Taliban-Pakistan relationship
Raghav Sharma
Abstract: The Afghan Taliban and Pakistan are often touted as two sides of the same coin, given the latter’s pivotal role in supporting the movement since its emergence in 1994, and subsequently in resurrecting it as a potent insurgent force against NATO. It was believed that this would enable Pakistan to exert considerable influence on events across the Durand Line. However, developments over the last five years belie this claim. Drawing on historical and geopolitical context, this paper argues that Rawalpindi’s motives in supporting the Taliban are deeply embedded in its historical experience and vulnerabilities, as well as being influenced by the actions of other state actors in the region. Drawing on the work of K. J. Holsti, Alvin Rubenstein, and Rafael Birnbaum, the paper argues that, whilst the relationship between Rawalpindi and the Afghan Taliban displays patron–client characteristics, it is difficult to view it as a linear, reductionist relationship.
Keywords: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Afghan Taliban, India, TTP, Influence, patron, client
Abstract: The Afghan Taliban and Pakistan are often touted as two sides of the same coin, given the latter’s pivotal role in supporting the movement since its emergence in 1994, and subsequently in resurrecting it as a potent insurgent force against NATO. It was believed that this would enable Pakistan to exert considerable influence on events across the Durand Line. However, developments over the last five years belie this claim. Drawing on historical and geopolitical context, this paper argues that Rawalpindi’s motives in supporting the Taliban are deeply embedded in its historical experience and vulnerabilities, as well as being influenced by the actions of other state actors in the region. Drawing on the work of K. J. Holsti, Alvin Rubenstein, and Rafael Birnbaum, the paper argues that, whilst the relationship between Rawalpindi and the Afghan Taliban displays patron–client characteristics, it is difficult to view it as a linear, reductionist relationship.
Keywords: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Afghan Taliban, India, TTP, Influence, patron, client
DISINFORMATION
Influencia rusa en la prensa de Argentina, Chile y Colombia durante la guerra de...
Carlos Berrío-Meneses Jorge Andrés Rico
Resumen Este artículo expone el impacto de las acciones de influencia y desinformación rusas en los periódicos con mayor reputación en Argentina, Chile y Colombia, desde que se desató la guerra en Ucrania. A través de una revisión de literatura se caracterizó la estrategia de influencia rusa, donde la desinformación juega un importante papel, y luego se contrastó con 25.525 titulares y resúmenes noticiosos publicados desde el 2014 hasta febrero de 2026 en los periódicos La Nación, El Mercurio y El Tiempo. El contraste se realizó a través de un modelo de machine learning con redes neuronales y el rastreo de la presencia de desinformación en las noticias. Se descubre que tanto las actividades de influencia rusa tuvieron un impacto limitado en los periódicos de Argentina y Colombia, aunque el impacto fue bastante mayor en el periódico chileno que incluso se hizo eco de las campañas de desinformación.
Keywords: Desinformación, Guerra de Ucrania, Influencia rusa, Argentina, Chile, Colombia.
Resumen Este artículo expone el impacto de las acciones de influencia y desinformación rusas en los periódicos con mayor reputación en Argentina, Chile y Colombia, desde que se desató la guerra en Ucrania. A través de una revisión de literatura se caracterizó la estrategia de influencia rusa, donde la desinformación juega un importante papel, y luego se contrastó con 25.525 titulares y resúmenes noticiosos publicados desde el 2014 hasta febrero de 2026 en los periódicos La Nación, El Mercurio y El Tiempo. El contraste se realizó a través de un modelo de machine learning con redes neuronales y el rastreo de la presencia de desinformación en las noticias. Se descubre que tanto las actividades de influencia rusa tuvieron un impacto limitado en los periódicos de Argentina y Colombia, aunque el impacto fue bastante mayor en el periódico chileno que incluso se hizo eco de las campañas de desinformación.
Keywords: Desinformación, Guerra de Ucrania, Influencia rusa, Argentina, Chile, Colombia.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Nuclear weapons and the new security environment
Abstract: The international system is undergoing major changes driven by increasing rivalry among great powers. Russia’s actions in Ukraine and rising tensions in the Middle East signal a return to the use of force, alongside the spread of “hybrid warfare” combining conventional, cyber, informational, and irregular tactics. Technological advances (AI, drones, cyber tools) and new strategic domains like space and cyberspace are further transforming conflict. Nuclear weapons remain central to global security, but arms control agreements are eroding while major powers modernize and expand their arsenals. This weakens deterrence stability and increases the risk of escalation. Recent cases, such as Ukraine and Iran, raise doubts about nuclear guarantees and may push more states to consider acquiring nuclear weapons. Overall, declining cooperation, rising geopolitical tensions, and rapid technological change are creating a more complex, volatile, and uncertain global security environment, highlighting the need for renewed diplomacy, arms control, and confidence-building measures.
Keywords: Military conflict, geopolitical tensions, nuclear weapons, arms control, disarmament, non-proliferation, confidence building measures